Studies in order recall on verbal and visuospatial domains to-date have used different methodologies and had different aims.įorward and backward serial position curves have been analyzed by considering primacy and recency effects in verbal WM (Table 1, verbal WM). Similarities and Differences in Order Recall in Verbal or Visuospatial Domains Studies focusing purely on theoretical models for memory systems were not considered. Papers were considered for inclusion if they covered: (i) behavioral or neural correlates for forward and/or backward recall in the verbal and/or visuospatial domain and (ii) the impact of verbal and/or visuospatial memory capacity. 132 manuscripts were originally selected for scrutiny ultimately, only 54 met our inclusion criteria and were considered in the present review. Papers published from January 1960 to September 2016 have been considered. Titles and abstracts were screened for appropriateness and independently reviewed for relevance. We searched for these terms in titles, in abstracts, and in the keyword lists themselves. We used the following search keywords: serial/order recall, forward/backward span/recall, DST and CST, verbal/visuospatial, STM/WM. We conducted a literature search via PsychINFO, Web of Science and Google Scholar electronic databases. Hence, here we will summarize the findings from studies of forward and backward recall in verbal and visuospatial domains as it relates to both cognitive and neural correlates. It is also important to carefully review the research and literature on this subject to-date. Although, these results give the impression that forward and backward verbal and visuospatial span tasks likely measure different constructs, experimental and neural correlated findings regarding serial recall tasks are not consistent, suggesting a need for further research. In the DST, performance is usually worse in the backward version of the task ( Baddeley, 1986 Li and Lewandowsky, 1995), while recall of the forward and backward versions of the CST is much the same for most subjects ( Wilde and Strauss, 2002 Cornoldi and Mammarella, 2008). In both verbal and visuospatial span tasks, participants may be asked to recall the information in either forward or backward order. Verbal STM is generally tested with the digit span task (DST) that involves recalling sequences of digits, while the ability to retrieve visuospatial information is typically tested with the Corsi span task (CST) that involves recalling sequences of blocks ( Berch et al., 1998). One of the processes involved in serial recall is short-term memory (STM), which allows individuals to hold a small amount of information for a short period of time. However, the cognitive mechanisms underlying encoding and recall of verbal and visuospatial sequences are still not fully understood. The ability to process serially ordered information is fundamental to many aspects of our lives, including spelling and orientation to a new environment. The results of this review will be considered in the light of the current models of WM, and will be used to make recommendations for future studies. The main aim of the present review is to summarize findings on order recall in verbal and visuospatial materials by considering both cognitive and neural correlates. However, worse performance in backward visuospatial recall is evident in individuals with weak visuospatial abilities such individuals perform worse in the backward version of visuospatial tasks than in the forward version. In contrast, when it comes to visuospatial tasks, performance is not always worse for a modified backward sequence. In verbal span tasks, performance is worse when recalling things in backward sequence rather than the original forward sequence. This seems to be due to the different effects of forward and backward recall in verbal and visuospatial tasks. Studies with order recall tasks, such as the digit, and Corsi span, indicate that order of presentation is a crucial element for verbal memory, but not for visuospatial memory. How sequential, verbal and visuospatial stimuli are encoded and stored in memory is not clear in cognitive psychology. 2Department of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.1Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.Enrica Donolato 1 *, David Giofrè 2 and Irene C.
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